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1.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 149(6): 888-898, jun. 2021. tab, graf, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389542

ABSTRACT

Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) encompass a wide variety of tumors arising from neuroendocrine cells, which produce bioactive substances. The incidence of NETs increased significantly lately, becoming one of the most common tumors of the digestive tract. Their clinical presentation is as diverse as their capacity for hormone production. Carcinoid syndrome is the most common hormonal syndrome produced by NETs and is characterized by diarrhea, flushing and cardiac valvular lesions. New research brought multiple changes in the classification of these neoplasms and a new understanding about their diagnosis and treatment, promoting a multidisciplinary approach. Somatostatin analogues, radiation, biological, and cytotoxic drugs have improved the prognosis of these patients, which entails a great challenge for healthcare providers.


Subject(s)
Humans , Neuroendocrine Tumors/diagnosis , Neuroendocrine Tumors/therapy , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Somatostatin/therapeutic use , Diarrhea
2.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 87(6): 504-509, Dec. 2016. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-844573

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El cáncer papilar de tiroides (CPT) es una enfermedad infrecuente en pediatría. La presentación de CPT asociado a hipotiroidismo congénito (HC) dishormonogénico es excepcional, y hay pocos casos reportados en la literatura. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de CPT en un paciente con HC dishormonogénico sin bocio, expuesto a radiación ionizante. Evaluar asociaciones entre estos factores y el desarrollo de CPT. Caso clínico: Paciente varón con antecedentes de HC dishormonogénico, por lo que recibió suplementación precoz con levotiroxina, logrando niveles normales de tirotropinas y hormonas tiroideas. Con antecedentes de cardiopatía congénita, fue sometido tratamiento intervencional con 10 cateterismos cardíacos y aproximadamente 26 radiografías de tórax con dosis pediátrica. A la edad de 6 años se encontró un nódulo tiroideo mediante ecografía. La citología por punción aspirativa con aguja fina confirmó alta sospecha de carcinoma tiroideo (Bethesda 5). El estudio de etapificación no mostró metástasis en el tórax ni en el cerebro. Fue sometido a tiroidectomía total y el análisis histopatológico reveló un microcarcinoma papilar de 0,5 cm intratiroideo, sin evidencia de diseminación. Conclusión: Las mutaciones genéticas propias de esta enfermedad y la exposición a radiación ionizante pudieran estar implicadas en el desarrollo de CPT. Es probable que haya vías fisiopatológicas comunes que requieren mayor investigación.


Introduction: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a rare childhood disease. The development of PTC in dyshormonogenetic congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is infrequent, with very few case reports in literature. Objective: To report a case of PTC in a boy with dyshormonogenetic CH without goitre and exposed to ionising radiation. To evaluate relationships between these factors and development of PTC. Case report: We present a boy with dyshormonogenetic CH since birth. Early hormonal substitution was initiated, with subsequent normal levels of thyrotropin and thyroid hormones. He has also congenital cardiomyopathy, exposed to interventional treatment with 10 heart catheterisations, and approximately 26 chest X-rays at paediatric doses. A thyroid nodule was found in thyroid echography at the age of 6 years old. Fine needle aspiration biopsy confirmed high probability of thyroid carcinoma (Bethesda 5). The pre-surgical thorax and cerebral scan showed no evidence of metastasis. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy. Pathological examination revealed a 0.5 cm papillary thyroid micro-carcinoma in the right lobe, with no evidence of dissemination. Conclusion: Genetic mutations and radiation exposure may play an important role in the development of PTC. There may be common pathways between dyshormonogenetic CH and thyroid carcinoma that need further investigation.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Thyroidectomy/methods , Thyroid Neoplasms/etiology , Carcinoma/etiology , Congenital Hypothyroidism/complications , Thyroid Hormones/administration & dosage , Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis , Carcinoma/surgery , Carcinoma/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Papillary , Congenital Hypothyroidism/therapy , Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Thyroid Cancer, Papillary
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 142(3): 330-335, mar. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-714357

ABSTRACT

Background: Despite the low frequency of thyroid nodules (TN) in children, one of every four is malignant. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has a high accuracy detecting thyroid cancer. Aim: To evaluate the performance of FNAC in TN in Chilean children to detect thyroid cancer. Patients and Methods: The pathological reports of 77 thyroidectomies and 103 FNAC carried out in patients aged less than 18 years, between 2002 and 2013 were reviewed. In 36 patients aged 15 ± 2 years (77% women), both the reports of the thyroidectomy and FNAC were available. The cytological specimens were reclassified based on Bethesda 2010. The histology was classified as benign (nodular hyperplasia and follicular adenoma, n = 18), or malignant (papillary, follicular and medullar carcinoma, n = 18). The concordance of the cytology with the final biopsy report was calculated. Results: FNAC classified 13 specimens as definitively benign and 13 as definitively malignant. Among these, these concordances with the pathological study of the biopsy was 100%. Of six cytology tests considered "suspicious for follicular neoplasm" by FNAC, four were benign (67%), and two malignant (33%). Of four cytology tests considered "suggestive of carcinoma" by FNAC, one was benign (25%), and three malignant (75%). Conclusions: Among the studied children, there was a good concordance between FNAC and surgical biopsies. Therefore a FNAC should be carried out when malignancy is suspected in pediatric patients with a TN.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Predictive Value of Tests , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery , Thyroidectomy
4.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 31(1): 16-20, feb. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-706541

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Nosocomial infections generate high morbidity and mortality in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Objective: To determine risk factors for nosocomial infections in children after congenital heart surgery. Methods: A retrospective case-control study, in patients younger than 15 years undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease from January 2007 to December 2011 admitted to the Pediatric Critical Patient Unit (UPC-P) in a university hospital. For cases, the information was analyzed from the first episode of infection. Results: 39 patients who develop infections and 39 controls who did not develop infection were enrolled. The median age of cases was 2 months. We identified a number of factors associated with the occurrence of infections, highlighting in univariate analysis: age, weight, univentricular heart physiology, complexity of the surgical procedure according to RACHS-1 and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time ≥ 200 minutes. Multivariate analysis identified CPB time ≥ 200 minutes as the major risk factor, with an OR of 11.57 (CI: 1.04 to 128.5). Conclusion: CPB time ≥ 200 minutes was the mayor risk factor associated with the development of nosocomial infections.


Introducción: Las infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud (IAAS) generan elevada morbilidad y mortalidad en niños sometidos a cirugía cardíaca. Objetivo: Determinar factores de riesgo que inciden en la ocurrencia de IAAS en niños operados de cardiopatías congénitas. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles, en pacientes menores de 15 años sometidos a cirugía por cardiopatías congénitas desde enero 2007 a diciembre 2011 admitidos en la Unidad de Paciente Crítico Pediátrico (UPC-P) de un hospital universitario. Para los casos, se analizó la información del primer episodio de infección. Resultados: Se enrolaron 39 pacientes con IAAS y 39 controles operados que no desarrollaron infección. La mediana de edad de los casos fue 2 meses. Se identificó una serie de factores asociados a la ocurrencia de IAAS, destacando en el análisis univariado: edad, peso, fisiología cardíaca tipo univentricular, complejidad del procedimiento quirúrgico según RACHS-1 y tiempo de circulación extracorpórea (CEC) ≥ 200 min. El análisis multivariado identificó al tiempo de CEC ≥ 200 min como el principal factor de riesgo, con un OR de 11,57 (IC: 1,04-128,5). Conclusión: El tiempo de CEC ≥ 200 min fue el factor de riesgo más asociado al desarrollo de IAAS en niños operados de cardiopatías congénitas.


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Heart Defects, Congenital/surgery , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric/statistics & numerical data , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Cross Infection/etiology , Multivariate Analysis , Postoperative Complications/microbiology , Risk Factors
5.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 59(2): 184-190, jun. 2009. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-588662

ABSTRACT

Se desarrolló una formulación optimizada de galletas en base a harina desgrasada de avellana chilena (HDA) y harina de quinoa (HQ) ambas exentas de gluten teniendo como objetivo incrementar las opciones nutricionales de la población celiaca, utilizando la metodología Taguchi. Se trabajó con cuatro factores de control HDA, HQ, bicarbonato de amonio (BA) y tiempo de horneado (TH) a tres niveles de trabajo cada uno para determinar sus efectos en la calidad sensorial (C.S) y señal ruido (S/R) del producto optimizado. Para determinar los niveles óptimos de trabajo de cada factor de control así como la influencia relativa de los efectos de cada parámetro se utilizó el arreglo ortogonal L9 34 con nueve puntos de diseño y dos replicaciones cada uno totalizando 18 puntos experimentales. Los resultados fueron analizados estadísticamente cuantificando la magnitud de diferencia de promedios por factor y nivel de trabajo y análisis de varianza (ANOVA) Las características de calidad a obtener fueron la máxima C.S y S/R del producto utilizando el concepto “mayor es mejor” según la metodología Taguchi. La combinación óptima de las variables independientes resultó ser HDA 24,3 por ciento, HQ 7,1 por ciento, BA 0,6 por ciento y TH 22 minutos. Entre las características químicas de la galleta optimizada destacaron su contenido de proteínas (8,9 por ciento) y fibra cruda (12,7 por ciento). Por su parte la concentración de prolaminas de 1,5 ppm fue inferior al límite máximo recomendado por CODEX (20 ppm) catalogándolo como un producto exento de gluten. En cuanto a la vida útil, se demostró que es un producto estable a la rancidez alcanzando una concentración de dienos conjugados de 3,6 por ciento bajo condiciones de almacenamiento de 45 días a una temperatura de 30ºC. Finalmente se obtuvo un 100 por ciento de aceptabilidad del producto por parte de los consumidores celiacos, distribuída en 75 por ciento para “Me agrada mucho” y 25 por ciento para “Me agrada”...


The present investigation deals with the optimization of a cookie formulation based on deffated chilean hazel nut flour (DCHF) and quinoa flour (QF) characterized for being gluten free resources, aimed to increment the nutritional options of the celiac population using Taguchi methodology. Four independent variables DCHF, QF, ammonium bicarbonated (AB) and baking time (BT) at three levels each one were considered in orden to evaluate their effects on the sensory quality (SQ) and signal to noise ratio (S/N) of the optimized product. To determine the optimun levels and relative magnitude of the effects of each parameter L934 orthogonal array with nine design points and two replications each totalizing eighteen experimental runs was used. Results were analyzed using differences between the average values of each factor according to the working level and also analysis of variance (ANOVA). The desired characteristics were the maxima SQ and S/R responses, so Taguchi “the larger the better” performance formula was used. Optimun conditions turn out to be DCHF 24,3 percent; QF 7,1 percent; AB 0,6 percent; BT 22 minutes. Among the chemical characteristics highlighted components such as protein (8,9 percent) and fiber (12,7 percent). Regarding the prolamine content of 1,5 ppm its result was under the limit considered for CODEX (20 ppm) classifying this product as gluten free. On the other hand, the shelf life study expressed as conjugated dienes (CD) was 3,6 percent after 45 days at 30ºC storage conditions proving this product is stable to rancidness. Hedonic test data shown 100 percent approval, splitted as follow 75 percent (like very much) and 25 percent (like). Finally 100 percent of celiac peoples inquired in this study were well disposed to buy this product.


Subject(s)
Chenopodium quinoa , Cookies , Corylus , Flour , Food, Formulated
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